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(Preamble: On September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the Pentagon and th\
e World Trade Center and )Tj
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(crashed a civilian aircraft in western Pennsylvania causing massive numb\
ers of deaths and injuries to )Tj
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(United States citizens and citizens of other countries, and substantial \
destruction of property. In the wake )Tj
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(of these attacks and continuing threats of terrorism, the President of t\
he United States proclaimed a )Tj
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(national emergency on September 14, 2001 and, on that date by resolution\
, Congress authorized the use )Tj
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(of all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizati\
ons or persons that planned, )Tj
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(authorized, committed or aided those terrorist attacks or harbored such \
persons or organizations.)Tj
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(The September 11 terrorist attacks resulted in several U.S. Government i\
nitiatives to combat terrorism. )Tj
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(On November 13, 2001, the President issued a military order providing fo\
r the detention, treatment and )Tj
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(trial by military commission of certain non-citizens as part of this nat\
ion\222s war against terrorism \(the )Tj
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("November 13)Tj
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( Order"\), followed by the Secretary of Defense\222s issuance on March 2\
1, 2002 of )Tj
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(regulations purporting to insure "a full and fair trial" by military com\
missions that may be convened )Tj
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(pursuant to the November 13)Tj
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(th)Tj
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( Order. The Order and regulations raise important constitutional, legal \
and )Tj
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(policy issues, particularly involving the separation of powers and due p\
rocess.)Tj
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(In times of national emergency and war, it is especially challenging to \
maintain the rule of law and the )Tj
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(delicate constitutional balance of protecting national security and civi\
l liberties while giving high regard )Tj
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(to both.)Tj
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(Article I of the United States Constitution confers upon Congress, and n\
ot the President, the powers to )Tj
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("constitute Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court" \(Clause 9\), to "d\
efine and punish Piracies and )Tj
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(Felonies committed on the High Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nat\
ions" \(Clause 10\), to "repel )Tj
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(Invasions" \(Clause 15\), and to "make all Laws which shall be necessary\
and proper for carrying into )Tj
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(Execution the foregoing Powers" \(Cause 18\).)Tj
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(As of the date of this resolution, no military commission has been conve\
ned or announced for the trial of )Tj
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(an individual who the President or the Secretary of Defense has determin\
ed is subject to prosecution )Tj
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(under the Order, and no such individual has been so identified publicly.\
)Tj
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(It is appropriate for the members of the New York State Bar Association,\
as both citizens and lawyers, )Tj
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(to study and comment upon the constitutional, legal and policy issues ra\
ised by the anticipated use of )Tj
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(military commissions, and for this Association to adopt, publish and dis\
tribute those comments.)Tj
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(Resolution: On June 22, 2002, the House of Delegates of the New York Bar\
Association adopted the )Tj
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(following resolution, urging and recommending the following:)Tj
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(1. Military commissions should be convened under the November 13)Tj
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(th)Tj
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( Order only in narrow )Tj
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(circumstances, that is, where: \(a\) there are compelling national secur\
ity interests to use such a tribunal )Tj
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(rather than existing Article III or state courts; \(b\) the persons to b\
e tried are accused of taking actions )Tj
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(that violate the law of war or were involved in the September 11)Tj
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(th)Tj
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( terrorist attacks; \(c\) the persons to be )Tj
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(tried are non-citizens apprehended and appropriately detained outside th\
e United States; and \(d\) the )Tj
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(trials take place outside the United States.)Tj
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(2. Any military commission convened under the November 13)Tj
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( Order should afford due process at a )Tj
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(minimum matching that provided in the Uniform Code of Military Justice, \
and should apply the rules of )Tj
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(evidence applicable under that Code. Procedures governing military commi\
ssions should provide for )Tj
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(habeas corpus relief and the right of appeal, including by writ of certi\
orari, to the United States Supreme )Tj
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(Court.)Tj
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(3. The Congress of the United States should take immediate steps to cons\
ider the extent to which )Tj
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(military commissions should be convened, and/or special courts should be\
created under Article I of the )Tj
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(United States Constitution, for any other purpose relating to defense ag\
ainst terrorism.)Tj
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2007-07-26T12:52:03-04:00
2007-07-26T12:51:58-04:00
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